管辖权与刑事责任 (Jurisdiction and Criminal Liability)

# 🧠 认识错误 (Mistake of Fact or Law)

## 🔍 事实认识错误 (Mistake of Fact)

一般原则： 通常不能免除刑事责任 (Generally not relieved of criminal liability)
除非该事实错误 (Unless the mistake):

- 否定了犯罪所需的主观过错
  (Negates the required culpable mental state)
- 法条明文规定构成法定抗辩理由
  (Expressly constitutes a defense under the statute)
- 属于支持正当防卫等正当化事由的情形
  (Supports a defense of justification)

## ⚖️ 法律认识错误 (Mistake of Law)

一般原则： 通常不能免除刑事责任 (Generally not relieved of criminal liability)
除非该错误信念 (Unless the mistaken belief):

- 是基于官方的法律声明
  (Is based upon an official statement of the law)

### ⚠️ 特殊规则：儿童年龄 (Special Rule: Age of a Child)

如果犯罪的构成要件涉及儿童的年龄，即使定义该罪行的法条中使用了“明知 (Knowingly)”一词，被告对儿童年龄的不知情（或误认为其已达到法定年龄）也绝对不能作为抗辩理由。
(Ignorance of the child's age is NOT a defense, even if the statute requires acting "knowingly".)

Penal Law § 15.20 [2], [3]