Lecture: 动议 (Motions)

# 驳回动议 (Motion to Dismiss - CPLR 3211)

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## 只能提出一次答辩前的驳回动议 (Only ONE pre-answer motion to dismiss is permitted)

### 立即弃权 (Waived if not in pre-answer motion)

如果被告提出了答辩前动议，但未包含以下抗辩理由，则该抗辩被视为弃权。

- 缺乏属人管辖权 (Lack of personal jurisdiction) [a][8]
- 缺乏对物/准对物管辖权 (Lack of in rem / quasi in rem jurisdiction) [a][9]

### 答辩后弃权 (Waived if not in motion or answer)

必须在答辩前动议或作为答辩状中的抗辩提出，否则视为弃权。

- 书面证据证明无依据 (Documentary evidence) [a][1]
- 缺乏诉讼行为能力 (Lack of legal capacity to sue) [a][3]
- 存在未决的另一诉讼 (Another action pending) [a][4]
- 特定肯定性抗辩 [a][5] (Specific affirmative defenses):
  - 既判力 (Res judicata)
  - 附属不容否认 (Collateral estoppel)
  - 诉讼时效 (Statute of limitations)
  - 反欺诈法 (Statute of frauds)
  - 破产免责 (Discharge in bankruptcy)
  - 免除 (Release)
  - 未成年/无行为能力 (Infancy/disability)

### 永不弃权 (Never waived)

可在任何时间通过动议或后续诉状提出（即使之前的动议或答辩状中未提及）。

- 缺乏标的管辖权 (Lack of subject matter jurisdiction) [a][2]
- 未提出诉因 (Failure to state a cause of action) [a][7]
- 未加入必要当事人 (Failure to join a necessary party) [a][10]